Bile

Vivian Imbriotis | June 21, 2026

Composition

  • Fluid produced by liver
  • 95% water; same ionic composition as ECF
  • 3% bile salts (in liver cholesterol \(\to\) bile acid \(\to\) bile salt)
  • 1% phospholipid (prevents cholesterol precipitation)
  • 0.5% cholesterol
  • 0.2% conjugated bilirubin
  • IgA

Storage

  • 1L/day, continuous production by liver
  • Stored in gallbladder, which actively reabsorbs Na \(\to\) H2O and Cl- follow secondarily \(\to\) concentrates bile.

Functions

  • Increases surface area for digestion - bile salts are amphipathic \(\to\) subdivide lipid globules \(\to\) expose surface area for lipases
  • Emuslifies fat \(\to\) micelles, allows absorption of lipids, cholesterol, and vitamins A, D, E, K ("ADEK").
  • Excretion - of cholesterol, bilirubin, drugs, heavy metals

Regulation of delivery to duodenum

  • Fats in duodenum \(\to\) I-cell releases CCK \(\to\) gallbladder contraction \(\to \ \uparrow\)delivery
  • Acid in duodenum \(\to\) S-cell releases secretin \(\to\) increased alkaline bile secretion \(\to \ \uparrow\)delivery
  • Cephalic phase \(\to\) Vagus releases ACh \(\to\) gallbladder contraction \(\to \ \uparrow\)delivery
  • Catecholamines \(\to\) gall bladder relaxation \(\to \ \downarrow\)delivery